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2013年9月30日 星期一

Trigonometry

Trigonometry
                                                 Unit circle


     -1 ≦ sinθ ≦ 1         -1 ≦ cosθ ≦ 1
      -∞<tanθ<∞,ie:tanθ R      -∞<cotθ<∞,ie:cotθR
   1≦丨secθ丨→∞,ie:if X=(-1,1),then secθR,but secθX
   1≦丨cscθ丨→∞,ie:if  X=(-1,1),then cscθR,but cscθX
Basic Identities   sin2θ+cos2θ=1
  1+tan2θ=sec2θ
  1+cot2θ=csc2θ
Law of sines
     a/sinA=b/sinB=c/sinC
Law of cosines
  a2=b2+c2-2bccosA
  b2=c2+a2-2cacosB
  c2=a2+b2-2abcosC
Sum angle formulas
  sin(α±β)=sinαcosβ±cosαsinβ
  cos(α+β)=cosαcosβ-sinαsinβ

  cos(α-β)=cosαcosβ+sinαsinβ

  tan(α+β)=﹝tanα+tanβ﹞/﹝1-tanαtanβ﹞

  tan(α-β)=﹝tanα-tanβ﹞/﹝1+tanαtanβ﹞
Double angle formula
  sin2α=2sinαconα
  cos2α=cos2α-sin2α
       =2cos2α-1
       =1-2sin2α
  tan2α=2tanα/﹝1-tan2α﹞
  cos3θ=4cos3θ-3cosθ
(記憶口訣:箍三等於四箍三減三箍。
         ie塊三 = 四塊三﹣三塊。)
Half angle formula 
  sin(β/2)=±﹝(1-cosβ)/2﹞1/2
  cos(β/2)=±﹝(1+cosβ)/2﹞1/2
  tan(β/2)=±﹝(1-cosβ)/(1+cosβ)﹞1/2
  tan(β/2)=(1-cosβ)/sinβ=sinβ/(1+cosβ)
Sum each other and product formula
  sin(α+β)+sin(α-β)=2sinαcosβ
  sin(α+β)-sin(α-β)=2cosαsinβ
  cos(α+β)+cos(α-β)=2cosαcosβ
  cos(α+β)-cos(α-β)=-2sinαsinβ
 
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Physical constants and data

Students, when you do physical topics,
forgot some of the physical constants,
see here.
Conversion factors
Length
    2.54cm∕in
    1.609344km/mi
    9.461×105m/light-year
Mass
    1.6605×10-27kg/u
Force
    105dyn/N
Pressure
    1.01325×10 5(N/m2)/atm
    1.01325×10 5bar/atm
    1.01325×103Hbar/atm
    76cmHg/atm
    1torr/mmHg
Work and energy
    107ergs/J
    4.184J/cal
    3.60×106J/kWh
    1.054J/Btu
    1.6022×10-19J/eV
    6.242×1018eV/J
    0.239cal/J
Power
    746W/hp  
Electrical
    1.6022C/electron
    96,487C/faraday
Physical constants and data
Speed of light
       C=2.997925×108m/s
Gravitational constant
      G=6.67×10-11N˙m2/kg2
Avogadro's number   
     NA=6.022×1023particles/mole
    NA=6.022×1026particles/kg.atom
Boltzmann's constant
    κ=1.3806×10-23J/K  ,κ≡R/NA
gas constant
     R=8314J/kg˙mole˙K
Planck's contant
     h=6.6262×10-34J˙s
electron charge
     e=1.60219×10-19C/charge
electron rest mass
     me=9.1096×10-31kg
          =5.4859×10-4u
Proton rest mass
     mp=1.67261×10-27kg
          =1.0072766u
Neutron rest mass
     mn=1.67492×10-27kg
          =1.0086652u
Permittivity constant
    εo=8.85419×10-12C2/N˙m2
permeability constant
    μo=4π×10-7N/A2
standard gravitational acceleration
      g=9.80665m/s2
mass of earth                    8.98×1024kg
avg radius of earth           6.37×106m
avg density of earth                5.57g/cm3
avg earth-moon distance      3.84×108m
avg earth-sun distance          1.496×1011m
mass of sun                               1.99×1030kg
radium of sun                           7×108m
Sun,s  radiation intensity at the earth
                                                      0.032cal/cm2˙s
                                                      0.134J/cm2˙s
Quantum theory formula
   E=hν
   p=hν/c=h/λ
Photoelectric equation
  hν=(1/2)mv2+eφ
  eφ:Work function
Obviously, eφ=hνo   νo:Lower limit frequency
    eVs=(1/2)mv2
  Vs: Cut-off voltage
Matter wave formula
   ν=E/h
   λ=h/p

SERIES EXPENSIONS 
     (丨x丨<1 unless otherwise indicated)
    (1±x)n=1 ± nx+(n)(n﹣1)/2!x2±…
    (1+x)-n=1 ﹣nx+n(n﹣1)/2!x2﹣…
    (1﹣x)-n=1+nx+n(n﹣1)/2!x2+…
    (1±x)½=1 ± ½x + 1/8x2 ± 1/16x3 ﹣…
    (1+x)-½=1﹣½x+3/8x2﹣5/16x3+…
    (1﹣x)-½=1+½x+3/8x2+5/16x3+…
Scientific notation   a×10n  ,   1≦a<10,      n   I
The following formulas for all real
     sinx=x﹣x3/3!+x5/5!﹣…

    cosx=1﹣x2/2!+x4/4!﹣…
      ex=1+x+x2/2! +x3/3! +…
      x  1,        ex ≒ 1+x

    
  ㏑(1±x)=±x﹣½x2±1/3x3﹣¼x4±… 
Mozart's music for children
(Музыка Моцарта для детей)

                                                                   
                                                                  
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